![]() (a) A 20-yr simulation-averaged perturbations in surface temperature due to the inclusion of white roofs (WRs). The 20-yr simulation-averaged global difference in the several variables (one in each panel) due to the UHI effect. ![]() Also shown in (a) is the globally averaged vertical profile of radiosonde-derived temperatures in 2007 minus those in 1958 ( Randel et al. Globally averaged vertical profile difference in the air temperature due to the simulation-averaged modeled (a) UHI effect and (b) the UHI effect and white roofs, separately. Each plot is from the same simulation each pair of values in each plot is from a different surface grid cell. (b) Corresponding plots of the confidence level of the results from a nondirectional t test relative to six random-perturbation simulations accounting for deterministic chaotic variation (internal variability) over the first three years of simulation.Ĭorrelation plots between 20-yr-modeled (a) urban fraction and ground temperature change due to the UHI effect, (b) a random value for urban fraction and ground temperature change due to the UHI effect, (c) urban fraction and ground temperature change due to white roofs, and (d) urban fraction and cloud optical depth changes due to white roofs. (a) The simulated UHI effect and its feedbacks to the larger scale, averaged over 20 years. The global road plus roof fraction (0.000 594) is about 46.28% of the global 2005 urban land use fraction (0.001 28). Global distribution of road plus rooftop fraction worldwide in 2005 as determined by combining 0.01° land use data and 1-km vegetation fraction data.
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